Eysenck’s Three Dimensions
German-British psychologist Hans Eysenck (1916 to 1997) argued that personality could be described with just a few broad, biologically based dimensions. His final model, known as PEN, has three:
| Dimension | High end | Low end |
|---|---|---|
| Extraversion (E) | Sociable, lively, seeks excitement | Reserved, quiet, reflective |
| Neuroticism (N) | Anxious, moody, emotionally reactive | Calm, stable, even-tempered |
| Psychoticism (P) | Tough-minded, nonconformist, risk-taking | Considerate, conventional, caring |
The Temperament Connection
Eysenck noticed that combining extraversion and neuroticism reproduces the four ancient temperaments:
| Stable (low N) | Unstable (high N) | |
|---|---|---|
| Extravert | Sanguine | Choleric |
| Introvert | Phlegmatic | Melancholic |
Take our temperament test to explore these in depth.
How This Test Works
You rate 30 statements, ten per dimension, with about a third reversed. Each dimension is shown as a percentage with a high, average or low reading.
Important: these are original PrismaTest statements written to reflect Eysenck’s published definitions. This is not the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) or Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), which are copyrighted instruments. Our test also has no “lie scale”.
The Theory Behind It
Eysenck tied each dimension to biology:
- Extraversion reflected differences in cortical arousal. Introverts, he proposed, are naturally more aroused and so avoid stimulation; extraverts seek it.
- Neuroticism reflected the reactivity of the limbic system, which governs emotional responses.
- Psychoticism was linked, more controversially, to hormones and to vulnerability to unusual thinking.
Extraversion and neuroticism have held up well and appear in almost every modern model, including the Big Five. Psychoticism has been more criticised and is now often viewed as a mix of low agreeableness and low conscientiousness.
Eysenck was also a controversial figure. In 2019 several of his papers with Ronald Grossarth-Maticek on personality and cancer were retracted after investigations. His core personality dimensions, however, remain widely studied.
Interpreting Your Profile
- High E, low N: confident, relaxed and social (sanguine).
- Low E, high N: sensitive and introspective (melancholic).
- High P: independent and unconventional; watch for being too blunt or risky.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does a high psychoticism score mean I am psychotic?
No. Despite the name, the scale measures toughness and nonconformity, not mental illness.
Is Eysenck’s model still used?
Yes. Extraversion and neuroticism in particular are central to modern personality research.
How does this compare with the Big Five?
E and N map closely onto Big Five extraversion and neuroticism; P relates to low agreeableness and conscientiousness. Try the Big Five personality test to compare.
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